我开了6年的纯电动汽车，感触颇深，谈谈5点关于纯电动汽车的用车感受，不可否认，新能源汽车的优势很明显，但缺点也是硬伤，其中电池安全、电池寿命、电池续航或许是绝大部分车主最为关心的问题，看看我的亲身经历就知道了。
一、新能源汽车的电池到底能用多久？
目前纯电动汽车的动力电池主要以磷酸铁锂电池（刀片电池）、三元锂电池这三种电池为主，其中三元锂电池体积小，电池容量密度较高，电压高达3.7V，更耐低温，但是三元锂电池循环寿命与安全性是短板。
磷酸铁锂电池主要优势在于循环充电次数更多，安全性更高，像比亚迪基于磷酸铁锂电池自主研发的刀片电池，其循环充电次数可达3000多次，前面算过一年循环充电91次，那刀片电池可用32年。
刀片电池在过充、挤压、针刺、高温等环境下电池未起烟，未爆破，均通过严苛的安全测试，这一点本身和磷酸铁锂电池的化学稳定属性有关，同样也离不开比亚迪自身的电池技术。
衡量动力电池寿命的因素很多，比如充电循环次数、电池所处环境、充电习惯、日常养护、自然损耗等方面，其中循环充电次数是影响电池寿命的主要原因，理论上三元锂电池的循环充电次数在1200-2000次左右。
这里需要了解一点，循环充电次数和我们日常充电次数不一样，循环充电是指完成一次100%充电或者放电的过程。简单来说，比如晚上我把电池充满，此时电量为100%，第二天开着去上班，下班回来电量剩余60%，晚上继续充电至100%。
第二天继续开着车上班，下班回来后电量剩余40%，晚上又把电池充满，两天两次充放电刚好用了100%的电量，这就是一次循环。假设三元锂电池的循环次数为1500次，我们来算算可以使用多少年？
一般家用车，一年行驶10000-20000公里左右，这里算15000公里，平均每天行驶约50公里，假如一辆纯电动汽车官方标注续航为500千米，实际续航算350千米，每天行驶50公里，相当于第5天就需要充电了。
我们把充电频率变频繁一些，假如每4天循环充一次电，一年循环充电91次。三元锂电池循环充电次数算1800次，相当于电池可以使用20年，当然这是保守数据。
根据国外一家知名GEOTAB公司公布了一项关于纯电动汽车电池衰减的调研数据，他们对6300辆纯电动汽车进行跟踪测试，从2012年至2019年，6年的时间电池容量衰减约13%，前3年电池衰减较小，5年后电池衰减较为明显。
也就是说纯电动汽车的动力电池平均每年衰减约2.3%左右，有个别车型的动力电池衰减较快，达到了4.2%，主要原因是电池温控技术方面的差异。
以我2015年的第一辆纯电动汽车来说，当时官方续航200千米，平时充满电可以行驶140公里左右，开了3年多，总共行驶了近5万公里，电池略有衰减，大约缩减了十多公里，行驶120公里是没问题的，之后车辆卖给了亲戚，目前7年过去了，亲戚说充满电跑100多公里没问题。
也就是说，一年寿命缩减未超过4%，这还是8年以前的电池技术，这几年电池技术突飞猛进，肯定比8年前更有优势，这或许也是车企敢于承诺电池缩减超过20%、30%免费换电池的原因之一。
有人说换一组电池需要7-10万？果真如此吗？
虽然这几年动力电池的成本有所下降，但整体来说依然较高，据相关测算数据来看，以比亚迪刀片电池来说，一度电的成本大约650左右，比亚迪汉EV电池容量为77kwh，相当电池成本大概在5万左右，但还需要算人工成本、相应的附件成本，实际成本至少超过6万。
而三元锂电池的成本更贵，一度电的成本大约在900左右，也就是说，假如电池容量为77度电，那换一次电池需要8万以上，如果自费更换相信极少有车主愿意更换的，为此车企也出台相关的质保措施。
绝大部分车企针对电池都实行8年或者16-20万公里质保，甚至有的车主实行终身质保服务，虽然电池质保有很多苛刻的条件，但普遍都在8年以上，对于绝大部分家用车来说，8年可能都已经换车了，质保也没有多大意义。因此，动力电池衰减这个问题基本不用太担心。
纯电动汽车跑不赢燃油车？这是为何？
事实上，纯电动汽车的整车寿命除了电池是主要的影响因素，另外电机系统、底盘等等也同样重要，目前电机主要以永磁同步电机为主，其寿命至少都在15-20年，当然了与日常使用、保养也有很大关系。
车辆在使用过程中，所处的环境对电机寿命影响较大，比如说温度湿度、振动、油性环境等等，长时间高速运行，急加速，爬陡坡等电机功率消耗较大，温度也会不断上升，容易导致磁体氧化、退磁等问题。
仔细的车友可能会发现，绝大部分家用纯电动汽车，其最高时速普遍都没有燃油车高，很多车型都控制在180千米/小时以内，其中一个原因就是为了更好地保护电机。
至于底盘以及其他零部件的寿命，车企都有相应的疲劳测试、耐久性、稳定性测试，这跟传统燃油车是同样的道理，这几年造车工艺有了很大提升，一辆车使用10年以上基本都不会有大问题。
二、动力电池到底安不安全？
对于动力电池来说，其能量密度越高，带来的安全挑战难度就越大，电池材料的基本属性就决定了动力电池本身自带易燃的特质，从这一点来说，纯电动汽车易燃的危险属性确实高于燃油车。
不过很多车企、电池厂家都有推出自家的“安全电池”，比如比亚迪的刀片电池，宁德时代的麒麟电池、广汽埃安的弹匣电池等均在电池安全方面有了较大提升，但是没有任何一种电池能保证100%安全。
据国家应急管理部门发布的数据显示，今年一季度新能源汽车火灾共发生640起，比去年同期增长32%，高于交通工具平均起火8.8%的增幅，平均每天有7辆起火，当然了，这里面也有新能源汽车市场占有量不断增长的原因。
目前新能源汽车保有量近1000万辆，2020年起火概率约万分之0.26，相当于每百万台新能源汽车起火数量在26台左右，而燃油车起火概率约为万分之1-万分之2，从这个数据来看，新能源汽车的起火概率仅为燃油车1/8左右。
话说回来，燃油车起火的车龄普遍较高，而新能源汽车车龄普遍较短，二者本身没有可比性，至于到底哪种车型的起火概率更高，其实也没有太大意义，关键还是看电池本身技术、日常用车安全等，主动安全永远大于被动安全。
三、纯电动汽车日常用车需要注意以下4点
1、低温、高温环境下对电池充电、放电性能都会有较大影响，因此尽量避开在极寒地区长时间用车，比如北方地区，南方冬季低温等恶劣天气，这样对延长电池寿命有一定帮助。
2、浅充浅放
如果还是在意电池寿命，那日常尽量使用慢充，少用快充，另外很多汽车厂家的说明书也会注明，动力电池组较为合适的充放电期间是10%-90%，尽量不要把电池电量用完才找充电桩，也不要每次都充到100%，当然了，很多车企都会设置相应电池保护程序，一般也很难充到100%。
3、开车时保持良好的驾驶习惯
尽量减少激烈驾驶，这一点不仅是纯电动汽车，燃油车也是同样的道理，突然一脚地板油，突然急加速，负载爬陡坡等等场景，对电机、电池均有一定影响。
4、不要长时间亏电停放
动力电池同样有“怕饿”的缺点，如果长时间停放，建议车辆电量至少保持在20%-30%以上，不要让车辆电量长时间为0，锂电池的电池损耗是不可逆的。
总之，新能源汽车的优势很多，但缺点也不容忽视，当前阶段仍然处于发展期，各种问题肯定会存在，这和10年前的燃油车、手机都是同样的道理，需要有一个过程，随着技术与市场的不断成熟，人们自然会慢慢接受新能源汽车。
至于新能源汽车整车的寿命，无论是从电池寿命还是电机寿命，或者整车耐久性等方面来看，一辆车使用10年或者15万公里以上完全不是问题，这一点无须担心。
这里，我就不说汽车品牌了，都不是杂牌，用的电池也不是杂牌。
另外，我还安装有离网光伏电站，储能电池25度电左右的磷酸铁锂电池，三年了，每天满充满放，超过1000次循环了，现在还有20度电左右，因为从晚上17点到早上5点这12个小时内，2台空调，1.5kw左右能使用1晚上。
还有一个特例，因为是电子产品，和动力电池还是有区别的，但能说明锂电池的日历寿命。
我的一个蓝牙耳机接收器，由于需要插上有线耳机才能当蓝牙耳机使用，不太方便，使用一段时间后，就闲置不用了，储存时也没充过电，14年后的今天，偶尔翻抽屉翻到这个蓝牙接收器，想试试还能不能用，没想到，电池还很好，待机加上通话续航20小时以上。标称待机续航是12小时，比标称还长。也就是说，这个蓝牙耳机的锂电池，闲置了10年左右，依然没有损坏，容量也没有明显的损失。
那么，以上事例，我想，应该多少都能说明一些问题。
我3月份才换的比亚迪宋plusdmi110版的次顶配，开了4个月加了700元油，充了不到300元电，跑了3700多公里，高速使用不到400公里，大部分是市区和上山下山（地形象重庆），我也分享了很多新能源车使用心得，欢迎大家关注，讨论。
经我使用，开10年没有问题，但还是取决于怎么充电、怎么开法，谈谈我的看法，欢迎大家一起讨论。
充电方式的影响：如果是家用慢充类充电桩，最有利于电池能量均衡，相对来说有利于延长电池使用寿命。但是我看早期跑出租的纯电车，有人开了近10年，天天快充，电量衰减也才5%，所以充电方式不起决定作用。
驾驶方式：象我的宋plusdmi是混动车，可以纯电，可以混动，可以纯油跑（强制保电）。以我的认知，机械运动总会有磨损，磨损受转速、速度、温度、气候、环境（酸碱）、甚至是是否暴力驾驶等都有关。比较而言电动部分，比如电线、电机、传感器等反而比机械部分耐用些。其中是否暴力驾驶是考验是否耐用的主要因素。
大部分车厂零部件都有耐久性测试，零部件均有受力、抗疲劳冗余设计，正常使用远远不止10年。
非特殊说明，本博所有文章均为博主原创。
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