从人才流失现象谈谈人力资源管理
从人才流失现象谈谈人力资源管理
何朱必
(荣获第36届全国冶金矿山企业人力资源管理信息交流研讨会暨中国劳动学会冶金分会矿山企业2021年年会论文二等奖)
比尔.盖茨曾经说过:“只要给我带走100个微软的优秀员工,又一个崭新的微软诞生了。”足以可见,人是企业中最宝贵的资源,企业的成功就是人力资源管理的成功。要想真正地担负起企业成功的重托和为企业管理做好服务,企业各部门管理人员必须要系统地掌握专业的人力资源管理的理念、工具、流程和方法。企业的竞争其实是人力资本的竞争,企业发展的过程就是人力资源向人力资本的转化过程,企业发展就是合理促进人力资源向人力资本有效转化和沉淀。
其实,经营企业,就是经营人,搞活企业,要先搞活人。人力资源管理的精髓就是真正地做好人才甄选、员工培育、绩效管理、用人留人。人力资源管理的终极目标是提高人的积极性,换句话说,员工的积极性高低就成了人力资源管理工作好坏的“晴雨表”。
自2004年成立玉溪大红山矿业有限公司以来,矿业公司在引人用人、改善人才环境、制定和改善工资分配制度提高职工工资待遇等方面做了大量的工作,不断满足矿业公司生产建设需要,并且为集团公司各二级单位生产建设发展输送了大批人才,因多次到全国大专院校招聘毕业生或社会人才的引进和使用,对各个工程项目的投产、保产、达产等各时期都起到了重要作用。但随着知识经济的到来,人才竞争逐渐成为企业与企业之间的焦点,人才流动已成为常态,如何避免人才流失,降低人才流失数量,已是当前全国各矿山兄弟单位需要努力实践和解决的问题。现结合玉溪大红山矿业有限公司从建矿十多年来的实际情况,对人才流失现象做几点分析和思考,并浅谈与人力资源管理相关的一些想法。
一、人才流失心态反应及原因分析
据统计,从2004年建矿至今,累计招聘全日制大学本科生与在岗几个月或几年后离职的大学本科生人数上差不多相当,换句话说就是“新来的与走掉的一样多”,也就是说把在岗的大学本科生都置换了一遍,现在岗的大学生差不多都是些新来的年轻人。
通过对解除劳动合同员工的情况分析和对当时谈话的回顾,我们对人才流失几种类型产生的原因及心态进行了剖析:
一是“考研考公”类人才流失。有的所学专业在单位不能很好地发挥作用,个人能力很难得到发挥,一时得不到领导的重视和群众认可,自我感觉不好,就想继续考研深造或考取公务员另谋发展。而有的是由于工作压力小,有实现自我价值的强烈愿望,但得不到实现,就想考取研究生或公务员“跳槽”。
二是“情绪低落”类一走了之人才流失。有的由于专业精通,有创新精神,能创造性、主动性开展工作,但因个性突出、缺乏与领导和一般管理或技术人员的沟通,在单位人格和专业意见得不到尊重,长期心情压抑,干脆选择辞职走人。
三是“自谋职业”类人才流失。有的是工作时间不长的大学本科生对人文环境、企业文化感到不适应,对本单位不了解,个人价值难以体现,选择离开到外地单位发展;有的是恋人在外地工作,本单位又无优惠政策解决两地分居问题,工作不安心,想在异地另谋职业;有的工作几年后,期望与现实差距很大,与外界相比,觉得工资水平没有竞争力,产生了失落感。
从以上三大类情况可以看出,人才流失一个重要原因是部分个人的欲望和追求高于企业所提供的范畴。在近年来办理解除劳动合同工作中,我们也发现企业自我发展跟不上市场发展而造成管理体制跟不上社会发展,机制缺乏创新,客观上导致了人才流失,经分析,主要有以下原因:
1.人才管理制度不完善。人力资源主管部门只管选才不管使用,用才部门只管使用不管提拨,人才管理在基层单位存在时有脱节状态,人才处于管与不管的夹缝之中,对人才的去留产生影响。国有企业强调“党管干部、党管人才”,提干是党群系统的事,用人又是生产建设行政部门的事,总是选用脱节,想做事能做事的人很难上得来。更有甚者还会出现“任人唯亲”,大量盲目使用身边亲近的人,导致管理平庸“近亲繁殖”或“山头主义”。
2.出现人才断层。个别单位的领导管理思想较落后,爱才用才意识淡薄,不注重大学生早期培养、压担子、委以重任,甚至安排大学生跨专业从事工作或长期打杂没有固定工作,影响大学生成型和能力的发挥,有的岗位新老交替“青黄不接”,影响了人才队伍的稳定更替。
3.工资待遇低。简单粗暴的“帽子工资制”,任凭行政职务高低拿工资,除了有行政职务的人外工资水平不高,专业技术人员及其他职工总体工资水平与同行业、同专业的其他单位相比,缺乏竞争力。有的单位部门还不同程度篡改了工资结构,弱化了工资单元的激励作用,不同程度破坏了工资制度。近些年来专业技术人员工资待遇在工资制度中形同虚设,实际分配到手的工资与制度不匹配,人才对薪资水平不满,待遇留人难以保障。
4.培训体系不健全。通过加强专业技术人员的继续教育提高企业核心竞争力,是每一个企业生存、发展的必然选择。然而,不得不面对的现实是,当前我国的企业专业技术人员继续教育却是薄弱环节,尤其是国有大中型企业表现的更加明显,普遍存在着参与度不高、主动性不强的问题,特别是不够重视员工的个体成长和职业生涯设计。“只使用、不培训”,“只管理、不开发”是大多数企业共同的通病。对在岗大学生或社会招聘引进人才的按需培训、使用、待遇不统一,近几年来新招聘大学生对自己职业生涯模糊,长时间找不到目标、找不到方向。
二、规避企业人才流失风险上,做实人力资源管理的几点想法
综上分析认为,管理缺失与人才流失给企业带来负面影响很大,不仅造成单位成本的增加,还给其他在岗人员情绪及工作态度产生了消极影响,对生产不同程度增加了消极怠工的隐性破坏。流失人才在新机会中的发展机遇或收益,有可能刺激更大范围人员的流失现象发生。如何避免人才流失,降低人才流失数量,将人才流失率控制在良性范围,是人力资源部门面临且需要在工作实践中不断探索和解决的问题。
1.科学合理制订人才需求计划,做好按需招聘工作。人才需求计划要根据矿山发展需要和一定的人才储备来决定,公司人力资源部门要下基层调查研究,听取意见,认真分析,充分考虑大学生在矿山的持续性发展,防止引进人才学非所用,人才应聘要详细介绍矿山的情况,讲历史沿革,实话实说,打好预防针,使应聘大学生一开始就对矿山形成真实的印象,避免在以后的工作中产生很大的失落感。
2.完善人才管理制度,纳入干部绩效考核。对人才的管理,虽然也发了不少文件,但日前还真没有一个可操作性强的管理制度和考评办法,特别是在基层人才管理上始终处于脱节状态。为避免人才在企业管理中缺少统一指挥协调,人力资源部门要重点做好人才管理的政策研究,客观指导组织协调和督促检查,有关部门科室要做好人才的培养和使用,宣传部门做好人才政策措施及优秀人才的典型宣传,纪检部门要从保护人才,爱护人才出发,为人才干事创业进行效能监察和保驾护航。
3.坚持“普惠加激励”的总原则,建立和完善有效的激励机制和实施刚性的工资分配制度。目前对新引进的社会招聘人才和学校招聘大学生,在工资待遇上,实行最低月平均工资2500元以上的生活保障机制,起到了安定人心的作用,这只是防止人才流失的必要条件之一,从长远看,除了对新入职员工的初期待遇外,针对熟练工必须按岗位、凭绩效建立良好的工资分配制度和有效的激励机制,做好专业技术岗位等级序列设置,重视专业技术人才的激励工作,在激励机制中打开技术通道,按岗位等级,配套相应工资待遇,提高工资水平的内外竞争力,为留住人才提供保障。近几年来,全国各兄弟单位所进行的岗位技能工资改革及“普惠加激励”奖励政策就起到了较好的作用。相对过去简单的“脑力劳动”、“体力劳动”划分薪酬又是一种进步。但可以说绝不是终极方案,因为激励机制牵涉着太多的因素。企业目前的状况,最重要的是如何使改革更规范、更合理一些。形成“打破平均、拉开差距、按岗定薪、按劳取酬”的工资分配机制,有效地提高了职工工作积极性,青年职工尤为突出。能结合不同时期特点设立奖励等,都有效地提高了这部分职工的积极性,同时也在广大职工中形成较好的“比、学、赶、超”氛围。
4.加强绩效考核,做实绩效管理。首先,要明确什么是绩效管理?绩效管理不等同指标考核,不是简单粗暴的对每个单位或部门定几个指标再按指标挂勾考核,这个叫“关键指标考核(KPI)”,是绩效考核的一种常用方式之一,绩效考核是方法和实现手段,而绩效管理才是企业目标管理的主要目标;其次,人力资源管理也不是“招招人、发发钱”那么简单,人力资源管理绝不能再被边缘化,必须牢固树立“企业文化和人力资源管理是企业的核心竞争力”意识,人力资源管理的核心工作是绩效管理,要真正把工作落到实处,就要建立绩效管理团队,明确绩效管理的目标任务,通过绩效管理团队日常开展的绩效管理检查考核工作来推动目标管理工作;最后,绩效管理也是“一把手”工程,必须领导挂帅,亲自指挥,安排布置生产工作的同时,也要象安排安全生产工作一样高度重视,一起安排布置绩效管理工作。领导不一定亲力亲为,但要把绩效管理的阶段性工作目标安排布置到位,并督促绩效管理团队按时检查考核完成,月度目标、年度目标综合检查考核,形成一个闭环,使之自始至终都在可控范围内。然后,把绩效考核结果运用到薪酬激励方面,促进员工学习成长、技能提升,从而提高工作效率和促进企业管理水平的提高。
5.建立健全专业技术人员激励约束机制。专业技术人员除了对专业工作的激励考核外,还必须按照专业技术人员继续教育的有关规定,把专业技术人员参加继续教育的学习情况、考试成绩和考核结果,作为对专业技术人员进行考核、聘任、晋职、职(执)业资格注册的依据。世界上没有垃圾,只有放错位置的资源。要善于发现人才、善用敢用人才,切莫把人才边缘化,耽误人才的使用和成长。对一些德才兼备,懂管理、业务精的专业技术人员及时纳入后备干部培养,把他们放在关键岗位和艰苦环境中锻炼,敢于给他们压担子,通过艰苦环境和实际工作的磨炼,增长他们的才干,砥砺他们的作风,通过培养和锻炼来实现人才梯队可迭代性持续发展。
6.完善人才培育体系,为人才成长、成才创造条件。企业目标管理必须建立和完善人才培训规划,让人才不断学习成长与按需培训、使用、待遇相结合,让年轻人入职后尽快清晰职业发展目标,个人学习成长的主观能动性与企业人才培训规划目标相一致。从发展战略考虑,应制订一个长远的技术人才培训计划,要按照“优秀人才先培养,关键人才重点培养,稀缺人才加紧培养,一般人才有计划分层次培养”的原则,建立完善人才培养体系。在人才培养方面特别是大学生基层锻炼培养上,一是要拓宽培养锻炼大学生渠道,将大学毕业生分配到一线岗位顶岗锻炼,培养吃苦精神,积累工作经验,对于空缺的班组长岗位让大学毕业生担任;对于作业区副作业长岗位,优先选聘优秀大学毕业生挂职担任。二是定期地对大学生实行轮岗交流锻炼,激发内在活力,提高工作效率;三是进一步完善大学毕业生基层培养锻炼考核评价机制;对于选派担任基层班组长的大学毕业生,由所在单位进行日常考核,人力资源部门牵头进行年度考核,其考核结果作为年度绩效考核的主要依据;四是坚持进行“成长、成才”的素质提升培训,召开大学生“成长、成才”座谈会,邀请已走上科级管理岗位的“老大学生”,向新分的大学生传经,使年轻干部在较短时间快速成长;五是加大人才储备力度,逐步建立培养快、评价准、使用好、待遇高的人才工作新机制,形成有利于人才快速成长和充分发挥作用的制度环境和社会氛围,为人才成长创造条件。
三、牢固树立“人才是企业第一资源、人才优势是最大优势”的观念,逐步完善人才激励机制,为人才提供平台和机遇。
市场经济中的企业竞争,日新月异,时不我待,不进则退。管理的本质是过程控制,过程控制的精髓是本质管理,“见子打子”不是本质管理。市场经济大浪淘沙的残酷事实,绝对容不得观念落伍和管理平庸,人才资源的重要性不能停留在口头上,人力资源管理不能再被边缘化。
现代人力资源管理在国有企业中运用,要求劳资双方的利益追求趋向法治化,劳动组织及定岗定员需要依法规范多种劳动用工和依法管理劳动合同,主张劳动用工灵活多样,优势互补,全面提升劳动生产率,充分吸纳紧缺人才和社会人力资源,实施人才引进和聘用制,实行科学、公平、可行的考核评价制度,刚性的工资制度,有效的激励机制,公平、公正的职级晋升制度等,从制度上保证人才脱颖而出。人力资源管理的目标工作必须做到“事业留人、感情留人、待遇留人”相统一,做好“选”、“育”、“留”、“用”,正确评估人才、真正做到识才、选才和用才,塑造一种“比、学、赶、超”的竞争氛围,变“相马”为“赛马”,给想干事、能干事、干成事的人才搭建平台,早日把人才提拨任用。
“冰山效应”认为人的潜能很大,一个人的思想是海,表现出来的仅仅是冰山一角,太多的部份是水面下看不见的人的思想和潜能,而露出来的是很小一部份所谓的工作表现。因而现代人力资源管理就是要加大人力资源的培育与开发。既把人看作“社会人”来尊重其人格,主张公平正义和平等对待,又把人看作“资源人”来培训教育,充分开发使用、激励和约束。一句话,就是要尊重人的价值,实现人的愿望,满足人的需要,促进人的发展。组织的人力资源管理就好比一个人的身子:“选”、“育”、“留”、“用”是躯体,“选人用人”是左脚,“收入分配”是右脚,互为补充,互为犄角,缺啥都是残废。
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