新能源汽车老司机们现身说法

作者: 人可工作室 分类: 优质博文,更新… 发布时间: 2022-09-08 15:28

【原创】彩云李新贤

我开了6年的纯电动汽车,感触颇深,谈谈5点关于纯电动汽车的用车感受,不可否认,新能源汽车的优势很明显,但缺点也是硬伤,其中电池安全、电池寿命、电池续航或许是绝大部分车主最为关心的问题,看看我的亲身经历就知道了。

一、新能源汽车的电池到底能用多久?

目前纯电动汽车的动力电池主要以磷酸铁锂电池(刀片电池)、三元锂电池这三种电池为主,其中三元锂电池体积小,电池容量密度较高,电压高达3.7V,更耐低温,但是三元锂电池循环寿命与安全性是短板。

磷酸铁锂电池主要优势在于循环充电次数更多,安全性更高,像比亚迪基于磷酸铁锂电池自主研发的刀片电池,其循环充电次数可达3000多次,前面算过一年循环充电91次,那刀片电池可用32年。

刀片电池在过充、挤压、针刺、高温等环境下电池未起烟,未爆破,均通过严苛的安全测试,这一点本身和磷酸铁锂电池的化学稳定属性有关,同样也离不开比亚迪自身的电池技术。

衡量动力电池寿命的因素很多,比如充电循环次数、电池所处环境、充电习惯、日常养护、自然损耗等方面,其中循环充电次数是影响电池寿命的主要原因,理论上三元锂电池的循环充电次数在1200-2000次左右。

这里需要了解一点,循环充电次数和我们日常充电次数不一样,循环充电是指完成一次100%充电或者放电的过程。简单来说,比如晚上我把电池充满,此时电量为100%,第二天开着去上班,下班回来电量剩余60%,晚上继续充电至100%。

第二天继续开着车上班,下班回来后电量剩余40%,晚上又把电池充满,两天两次充放电刚好用了100%的电量,这就是一次循环。假设三元锂电池的循环次数为1500次,我们来算算可以使用多少年?

一般家用车,一年行驶10000-20000公里左右,这里算15000公里,平均每天行驶约50公里,假如一辆纯电动汽车官方标注续航为500千米,实际续航算350千米,每天行驶50公里,相当于第5天就需要充电了。

我们把充电频率变频繁一些,假如每4天循环充一次电,一年循环充电91次。三元锂电池循环充电次数算1800次,相当于电池可以使用20年,当然这是保守数据。

根据国外一家知名GEOTAB公司公布了一项关于纯电动汽车电池衰减的调研数据,他们对6300辆纯电动汽车进行跟踪测试,从2012年至2019年,6年的时间电池容量衰减约13%,前3年电池衰减较小,5年后电池衰减较为明显。

也就是说纯电动汽车的动力电池平均每年衰减约2.3%左右,有个别车型的动力电池衰减较快,达到了4.2%,主要原因是电池温控技术方面的差异。

以我2015年的第一辆纯电动汽车来说,当时官方续航200千米,平时充满电可以行驶140公里左右,开了3年多,总共行驶了近5万公里,电池略有衰减,大约缩减了十多公里,行驶120公里是没问题的,之后车辆卖给了亲戚,目前7年过去了,亲戚说充满电跑100多公里没问题。

也就是说,一年寿命缩减未超过4%,这还是8年以前的电池技术,这几年电池技术突飞猛进,肯定比8年前更有优势,这或许也是车企敢于承诺电池缩减超过20%、30%免费换电池的原因之一。

有人说换一组电池需要7-10万?果真如此吗?

虽然这几年动力电池的成本有所下降,但整体来说依然较高,据相关测算数据来看,以比亚迪刀片电池来说,一度电的成本大约650左右,比亚迪汉EV电池容量为77kwh,相当电池成本大概在5万左右,但还需要算人工成本、相应的附件成本,实际成本至少超过6万。

而三元锂电池的成本更贵,一度电的成本大约在900左右,也就是说,假如电池容量为77度电,那换一次电池需要8万以上,如果自费更换相信极少有车主愿意更换的,为此车企也出台相关的质保措施。

绝大部分车企针对电池都实行8年或者16-20万公里质保,甚至有的车主实行终身质保服务,虽然电池质保有很多苛刻的条件,但普遍都在8年以上,对于绝大部分家用车来说,8年可能都已经换车了,质保也没有多大意义。因此,动力电池衰减这个问题基本不用太担心。

纯电动汽车跑不赢燃油车?这是为何?

事实上,纯电动汽车的整车寿命除了电池是主要的影响因素,另外电机系统、底盘等等也同样重要,目前电机主要以永磁同步电机为主,其寿命至少都在15-20年,当然了与日常使用、保养也有很大关系。

车辆在使用过程中,所处的环境对电机寿命影响较大,比如说温度湿度、振动、油性环境等等,长时间高速运行,急加速,爬陡坡等电机功率消耗较大,温度也会不断上升,容易导致磁体氧化、退磁等问题。

仔细的车友可能会发现,绝大部分家用纯电动汽车,其最高时速普遍都没有燃油车高,很多车型都控制在180千米/小时以内,其中一个原因就是为了更好地保护电机。

至于底盘以及其他零部件的寿命,车企都有相应的疲劳测试、耐久性、稳定性测试,这跟传统燃油车是同样的道理,这几年造车工艺有了很大提升,一辆车使用10年以上基本都不会有大问题。

二、动力电池到底安不安全?

对于动力电池来说,其能量密度越高,带来的安全挑战难度就越大,电池材料的基本属性就决定了动力电池本身自带易燃的特质,从这一点来说,纯电动汽车易燃的危险属性确实高于燃油车。

不过很多车企、电池厂家都有推出自家的“安全电池”,比如比亚迪的刀片电池,宁德时代的麒麟电池、广汽埃安的弹匣电池等均在电池安全方面有了较大提升,但是没有任何一种电池能保证100%安全。

据国家应急管理部门发布的数据显示,今年一季度新能源汽车火灾共发生640起,比去年同期增长32%,高于交通工具平均起火8.8%的增幅,平均每天有7辆起火,当然了,这里面也有新能源汽车市场占有量不断增长的原因。

目前新能源汽车保有量近1000万辆,2020年起火概率约万分之0.26,相当于每百万台新能源汽车起火数量在26台左右,而燃油车起火概率约为万分之1-万分之2,从这个数据来看,新能源汽车的起火概率仅为燃油车1/8左右。

话说回来,燃油车起火的车龄普遍较高,而新能源汽车车龄普遍较短,二者本身没有可比性,至于到底哪种车型的起火概率更高,其实也没有太大意义,关键还是看电池本身技术、日常用车安全等,主动安全永远大于被动安全。

三、纯电动汽车日常用车需要注意以下4点

1、低温、高温环境下对电池充电、放电性能都会有较大影响,因此尽量避开在极寒地区长时间用车,比如北方地区,南方冬季低温等恶劣天气,这样对延长电池寿命有一定帮助。

2、浅充浅放

如果还是在意电池寿命,那日常尽量使用慢充,少用快充,另外很多汽车厂家的说明书也会注明,动力电池组较为合适的充放电期间是10%-90%,尽量不要把电池电量用完才找充电桩,也不要每次都充到100%,当然了,很多车企都会设置相应电池保护程序,一般也很难充到100%。

3、开车时保持良好的驾驶习惯

尽量减少激烈驾驶,这一点不仅是纯电动汽车,燃油车也是同样的道理,突然一脚地板油,突然急加速,负载爬陡坡等等场景,对电机、电池均有一定影响。

4、不要长时间亏电停放

动力电池同样有“怕饿”的缺点,如果长时间停放,建议车辆电量至少保持在20%-30%以上,不要让车辆电量长时间为0,锂电池的电池损耗是不可逆的。

总之,新能源汽车的优势很多,但缺点也不容忽视,当前阶段仍然处于发展期,各种问题肯定会存在,这和10年前的燃油车、手机都是同样的道理,需要有一个过程,随着技术与市场的不断成熟,人们自然会慢慢接受新能源汽车。

至于新能源汽车整车的寿命,无论是从电池寿命还是电机寿命,或者整车耐久性等方面来看,一辆车使用10年或者15万公里以上完全不是问题,这一点无须担心。

纯电新能源车能不能开十年我不知道,我只能以我的使用实践告诉你真相。我的车已经开了8万公里,充满电表显605公里,昨天道路上最高气温45度,全程空调,开了80公里高速公路,时速115公里定速巡航,其余320公里高架、国道、市区混合道路,混合道路最高时速105公里,实际共开了400公里,回到家还有表显130公里,这400公里路程中,表显电耗是16.2度,我的电池是84.2度电,可开84.2÷16.2×100=519.75公里,实际400加上表显130,可开共530公里,考虑到最后200公里soc的虚电部分,实际可以开500公里左右,电池衰减大概是19÷519×100=3.66%,就算4%吧,以2万公里一年算,4年衰减4%很正常。我姐姐租了一台车跑滴滴,前车主跑了16.6万公里,到我姐手上,充电时表显409(410公里续航版本),现在夏天跑滴滴大概能跑350公里左右。

这里,我就不说汽车品牌了,都不是杂牌,用的电池也不是杂牌。

另外,我还安装有离网光伏电站,储能电池25度电左右的磷酸铁锂电池,三年了,每天满充满放,超过1000次循环了,现在还有20度电左右,因为从晚上17点到早上5点这12个小时内,2台空调,1.5kw左右能使用1晚上。

还有一个特例,因为是电子产品,和动力电池还是有区别的,但能说明锂电池的日历寿命。

我的一个蓝牙耳机接收器,由于需要插上有线耳机才能当蓝牙耳机使用,不太方便,使用一段时间后,就闲置不用了,储存时也没充过电,14年后的今天,偶尔翻抽屉翻到这个蓝牙接收器,想试试还能不能用,没想到,电池还很好,待机加上通话续航20小时以上。标称待机续航是12小时,比标称还长。也就是说,这个蓝牙耳机的锂电池,闲置了10年左右,依然没有损坏,容量也没有明显的损失。

那么,以上事例,我想,应该多少都能说明一些问题。

我3月份才换的比亚迪宋plusdmi110版的次顶配,开了4个月加了700元油,充了不到300元电,跑了3700多公里,高速使用不到400公里,大部分是市区和上山下山(地形象重庆),我也分享了很多新能源车使用心得,欢迎大家关注,讨论。

经我使用,开10年没有问题,但还是取决于怎么充电、怎么开法,谈谈我的看法,欢迎大家一起讨论。

充电方式的影响:如果是家用慢充类充电桩,最有利于电池能量均衡,相对来说有利于延长电池使用寿命。但是我看早期跑出租的纯电车,有人开了近10年,天天快充,电量衰减也才5%,所以充电方式不起决定作用。

驾驶方式:象我的宋plusdmi是混动车,可以纯电,可以混动,可以纯油跑(强制保电)。以我的认知,机械运动总会有磨损,磨损受转速、速度、温度、气候、环境(酸碱)、甚至是是否暴力驾驶等都有关。比较而言电动部分,比如电线、电机、传感器等反而比机械部分耐用些。其中是否暴力驾驶是考验是否耐用的主要因素。

大部分车厂零部件都有耐久性测试,零部件均有受力、抗疲劳冗余设计,正常使用远远不止10年。

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