一份账本最通俗解读了区块链

作者: 人可工作室 分类: 区块链技术 发布时间: 2019-04-16 09:38
 

央视网:谁掌握了区块链技术,谁就掌握了财富!(视频)


区块链是什么?如何运作?
区块链为何而生?
区块链领域的大神,你知道几个?
什么是区块链?区块链为什么重要?又会如何改变我们的未来?
《图说区块链》这本书围绕着这三个问题,用漫画、故事、白话等方式,让充满技术、算法计算、计算机与密码学术语的区块链世界不再冰冷,而是充满了温度和乐趣。
用作者的原话说:“通过这种方法,将搞懂区块链的时间压缩到一周,甚至几天。”
我比较认同OKCoin&OKLinK创始人兼CEO徐明星在书中谈到的一个观点:
“你一辈子也不需要真正掌握这些高深莫测的技术,但当身边一切的的信息和金融服务都发生在区块链上之时,你今天的一点点阅读时间,将帮助你更好地拥抱一个新的世界,理解一个新的记录历史、登记权利、转移价值的方式。”
下面我会从是什么、为什么、未来会怎样?三个部分拆解这本书。
一、区块链是什么?它是如何运作的?
区块链是什么?区块链运作的底层架构是什么?
对区块链发展至关重要的来自技术、投资和媒体的五位大神是谁?
1.核心概念:
用一句话解释,区块链是一个去中心化的分布式账本。但这句话并不能代表区块链的全部,因此需要对其核心概念做个了解:
① 区块
区块作为区块链的基本结构单元,由包含元数据的区块头和包含交易数据的区块主体构成。

区块链中的两个区块模型
区块头包含三组元数据:索引自父区块哈希值的数据;挖矿难度、Nonce(随机数,用于工作量证明算法的计数器)、时间戳;能够总结并快速归纳校验区块中所有交易数据的Merkle(默克尔)树根数据。
② 哈希算法
哈希算法是为确保区块链中交易信息不被篡改而设计的单向密码机制。哈希算法可以在接收一段明文后,经一种不可逆的方式将其转化为一段长度较短,位数固定的散列数据。

哈希算法图示(图片来自网络)
它有两个特点:
加密过程不可逆。我们无法使用通过哈希算法输出的散列数据倒推出原本的明文。
输入的明文与输出的散列数据一一对应。任何一个输入信息的变化,都必将导致最终输出的散列数据的变化。
区块链通过哈希算法对一个交易区块中的交易信息进行加密,并把交易信息压缩成由一串数字和字母组成的散列字符串。
区块链的哈希值能够唯一准确地标识一个区块,区块链中任意节点通过简单的哈希计算可以获得这个区块的哈希值,计算出的哈希值没有变化也就意味着区块中的信息没有被篡改。
③ 公钥和私钥
公钥是给大家用的,可以通过电子邮件发布,可以通过网站让别人下载。私钥是给自己用的,必须非常小心地保密和保存,最好加上密码。

公钥和私钥原理(图片来自网络)
公钥和地址的生成都依赖于私钥,有了私钥就能够消费对应地址上的比特币。私钥花费比特币的方式就是对这个私钥所对应的未花费的交易进行签名。
④ 时间戳
区块链的时间戳从区块生成的那一刻起就存在于区块之中,时间戳是直接写在区块链中的,而区块链中已经生成的区块是不可篡改的,一旦篡改,生成的哈希值就会发生变化,从而变成一个无效的数据。
每一个时间戳都会将前一个时间戳也纳入其随机哈希值中,这一过程不断重复,依次相连,最后会生成一个完整的链条。
⑤ Merkle树结构
区块链是利用Merkle树的数据结构存放所有叶子节点的值,并以此为基础生成一个统一的哈希值。

Merkle树结构图示(图片来自网络)
Merkle树的叶子节点存储的是数据信息的哈希值,非叶子节点存储的是对其下面的所有叶子节点的组合进行哈希计算后得出的哈希值。
区块中任意一个数据的变更都会导致Merkle树结构变化,在交易信息验证比对中,Merkle树结构能够大大减少数据的计算量。
2.区块链的工作原理、四大特征和底层架构
区块链技术实际上是一个分布式数据库,记账不是由个人或者某个中心化的主体来控制的,而是所有节点共同维护、共同记账的。
单一节点无法篡改记录,只有同时控制整个网络超过51%的节点或算力才可以篡改记录。通过无数次记账,区块链成为一个可信赖、超容量的公共账本。
区块链具有以下四个特征:
① 去中心化:在一个去中心化的金融系统中,没有中介机构,所有节点的权利和义务都相等,任意节点停止工作都不会影响系统整体的运作。

去中心化图示(图片来自网络)
② 去信任:系统中所有节点之间无须信任也可以进行交易,因为数据库和整个系统的运作是公开透明的,在系统的规则和时间范围内,节点之间无法欺骗彼此。
③ 集体维护:系统是由其中具有维护功能的所有节点共同维护的,系统中所有人共同参与维护工作。
④ 可靠的数据库:系统中每一个节点都拥有最新的完整数据库拷贝,修改单个节点的数据库是无效的,因为系统会自动比较,认为最多次出现的相同数据记录为真。
区块链基础架构分为6层:数据层、网络层、共识层、激励层、合约层和应用层。每层分别完成一项核心功能,各层之间相互配合,实现一个去中心化的信任机制。
3.区块链的基本类型

公有链、私有链、联盟链(图片来自网络)
① 公有链:是指所有人都可以读取、任何人都能发送交易且交易能获得有效确认,任何人都能参与共识过程的区块链。
公有链的特点是:保护用户免受开发者影响;访问门槛低;所有数据默认公开。
② 私有链:是指其写入权限仅在一个组织手里的区块链。目的是对读取权限或者对外开放权限进行限制。私有链的特点是,交易速度非常快;为隐私提供更好的保障;交易成本大幅降低甚至为零;有助于保护产品不被破坏。
③ 联盟链:是指共识过程受到预选节点控制的区块链。可将联盟链视为“部分去中心化”的形态。
随着区块链技术的日益发展,区块链的技术架构不再简单地划分为私有链和公有链,界限正在越来越模糊,复杂链和混合链的概念在以后会越来越多。
4.区块链的发展脉络
按照区块链科学研究所创始人梅兰妮·斯万的观点,区块链技术发展可分为三个阶段:
区块链1.0:以比特币为代表的可编程货币。更多是数字货币领域的创新;
区块链2.0:基于区块链的可编程金融,更多涉及合约方面的创新,如以太坊的智能合约;
区块链3.0:区块链在其他行业的应用。
5.区块链共识机制
① 工作量证明
工作量证明(Proof of Work,简称PoW)依赖机器进行数学运算来获取记帐权。要得到合理的区块哈希值需要经过大量的尝试计算,计算时间取决于机器的哈希运算速度,寻找合理的哈希值是一个概率事件。
工作量证明的缺点:区块链应用很难获得相同的算力来保障自身的安全;挖矿会造成大量的资源浪费;共识达成周期较长。
② 权益证明
权益证明(Proof of Stake,简称PoS)是PoW的一种升级,主要理念是节点的记帐权的获得难度与节点持有的权益成反比。
它根据每个节点所占代币的比例和时间,等比例地降低挖矿的难度。在一定程度上减少了数学运算带来的资源消耗,性能也得到了相应的提升,但是依然是基于哈希运算,竞争获取记帐权。
PoS的优点是:在一定程度上缩短了达成共识需要的时间,不再需要大量消耗能源去解密码挖矿。
PoS的缺点是:依然需要挖矿而且有安全性隐患。
③ 股份授权证明
股份授权证明(简称DPoS)机制,与PoS的主要区别在于节点选举若干代理人,由代理人验证和记帐。
DPoS的工作原理:
每个股东按其持股比例拥有相应的影响力,51%股东投票的结果将是不可逆且有约束力的。
每个股东可以将其投票权授予一名代表,获票最多的前100位代表按既定的时间表轮流产生区块,每位代表分配到一个时间段来产生区块。
所有代表将收到等同于一个平均水平的区块所含交易费的10%作为报酬。
DPoS的投票模式可以在每30秒产生一个新的区块,并且在正常的网络条件下,区块链分叉的可能性极其小。每位代表的标识是其公钥而非IP地址,因此受到攻击威胁的程度被大大地减轻了。
书中同时还对投注共识、瑞波共识机制、Pool验证池、实用拜占庭容错、授权拜占庭容错、帕克索斯算法等其他六种共识种类进行了介绍,在此不再一一展开。
6.比特币的扩容、分叉和双花问题
① 比特币的扩容
比特币分叉是由扩容方案意见不一致引起的。
中本聪设计比特币时是2009年,比特币中的一个区块的容量是1M,一笔交易大概是250字节,甚至更多。现在一些交易基本达到了500个字节。
1M=1024KB=1048576字节;
那么一个区块包含的交易总数为:1048576÷250≈4194.3(笔)
比特币中一个区块确认的时间是10分钟,那么一个区块每秒能处理的交易数为:4194.3÷600≈7(个)
这种交易确认的速度已经跟不上时代发展的需求,交易拥堵及系统崩溃是在所难免的事情。因此扩容也是势在必行。
但是采用哪种扩容方案呢?一个区块的容量扩展到2M、扩展到20M、还是扩展到无限大,到底应该听谁的?
每一方都认为自己的方案是可行的,但是却难以达成共识,升级又是必须的。各个方案间无法统一,分叉就不可避免地发生了。
② 硬分叉和软分叉
比特币分叉后升级的版本由于兼容性不同,就产生了硬分叉和软分叉的问题。简单的来说,软分叉是暂时的,硬分叉是永久的。
硬分叉是指:比特币的区块格式和交易格式发生改变时,未升级的节点拒绝验证已经升级的节点生产出的区块,但是已经升级的节点可以验证未升级节点生产的区块,然后大家各自延续自己认为正确的链,所以分成了两条链。
软分叉是指:比特币交易的数据结构发生改变时,未升级的节点可以验证已经升级的节点生产出的区块,而且已经升级的节点也可以验证未升级的节点生产出的区块。
之前版本的部分功能可用,在相当长的时间里,可允许不进行升级,继续使用原版本生成旧区块,与新区块并存。区块链层面没有分叉的链,只是组成链的区块有新区块和旧区块之分。
③ 双花问题
双花问题是指一笔数字现金在交易中被重复使用的现象。比特币是采取什么方法避免双花问题的发生呢?
在交易发生的那一刻起,比特币的交易数据就被盖上了时间戳,而当这笔交易数据被打包到一个区块中后,就算完成了一次确认。
在连续进行6次确认之后,这笔交易就不可逆转了。每一次的确认都需要“解决一个复杂的难题”,也就是说一次确认都需要一定的时间。
在这种情况下,如果一笔资金想要进行两次支付交易的话,因为确认的时间较长,后一笔交易想要与前一笔交易同时得到确认几乎是不可能的。而且这笔资金在第一次确认有效后,第二次交易时就无法得到确认了,双花问题也就不可能产生了。
7.区块链人物篇
① 传奇人物中本聪

中本聪(传闻)
中本聪不仅有才华,还把神秘主义原则诠释得彻彻底底,比特币发展初期他匿名参与指导,后来区块链概念越来越火,中本聪却完全消失,连提名诺贝尔经济学奖候选人都没能让他现身。
他的传奇经历始于2008年11月1日,那天他发表了题为《比特币:一种点对点的电子现金系统》的论文,2009年1月4日比特币世界第一个“创世区块”诞生。
故事慢慢演化,比特币有了自己的客户端,有了第一笔交易,爱好者聊天室,比特币挖矿难度进行了调整,被某个国界法律认可,而比特币暴涨暴跌,被盗、被告的“负能量”消息也是不断。
在比特币起起伏伏的精彩历史中,中本聪却彻底消失了。他在邮件中只留下了一句话:“我们每个人都是中本聪”。我们每个人确实都是中本聪,因为每个人才是区块链技术的践行者参与者。
② 智能合约发明人尼克·萨博

尼克·萨博
书中把尼克·萨博形容成类似被苹果砸到的牛顿,而让萨博顿悟的是自动售货机。
在萨特眼中,自动售货机具有独特魅力,购买者向售货机投入一定数量的货币,就能在自动售货机中获得相应的产品,这种自动在购买和生产间构建强制执行的合约的方式让他着迷。
智能合约是一个不需要任何中介机构的计算机程序。它必须满足三个条件:必须有货币参与;资产必须数字化;资产必须联网绝对信任某个数据库。
工作原理类似于计算机程序的“if-then”语句。目前已经有一些金融机构开始通过智能合约用于自动化交易结算,大大降低成本。
③ 《纽约时代》比特币专栏作者马可·安德森

马可·安德森
在最初十多年里,围绕在安德森身上的光环是“网景公司”,之后他又创办了云计算公司然后被卖给了惠普,直到2014年他开始在《纽约时报》开设专栏“比特币为何重要”。
同年,沃伦·巴菲特警告投资者远离比特币,将其称之为“海市蜃楼”,对此马克·安德森回应:“老顽固对他们不懂的新技术从来都是瞎说一通。”
④ 从华尔街走出的女性布莱斯·马斯特

布莱斯·马斯特
马斯特是摩根大通的前高管,创立了数字资产控股公司并担任CEO,这是一家寻求将区块链技术应用到华尔街市场的创业公司。
她认为“我们将在未来一两年看到区块链技术以各种形式被部署到商业环境中。但这并不意味着区块链会成为主流。我认为区块链技术要想成为主流技术,需要5-10年时间。”
⑤ 区块链投资大亨巴里·希尔伯特

巴里·希尔伯特
希尔伯特是任性买买买的代表,他的“采购清单”遍布全世界20个国家,投资的公司约有60家。
他所在的数字货币集团不是一个基金,不需要把资金返还给有限合伙人,因此可以长期保持对区块链为重点的初创公司的投资,同时他也是少数始终对比特币作为一种货币感兴趣的投资者。
二、区块链为什么会成为神一样的金融科技?
区块链为什么会这么火?为什么有人会认为区块链将改变世界?
区块链究竟为何而诞生又为何而来?
1.帐本的演变
① 结绳记事:将时间回溯到遥远的旧石器时代,人们的记帐方式全靠死记硬背。随着原始部落的人数不断增多,生产力的提升,记帐方式演变为简单刻画和直观绘图,以及结蝇记事。
② 流水账:到了原始社会末期,生产力水平达到前所未有的水平,文字开始出现了,以文字叙述式的会计记录法,收支事项按时间发生顺序的流水帐诞生了。
③ 单式记账法:到公元前5世纪,古希腊和古罗马的奴隶社会的经济繁荣发展,流水帐中出现了日记帐和现金出纳帐。这个时候记帐的历史已经发展到了单式记帐法的时期。
④ 复式记账法:中国的复式记帐法起源于明末清初的龙门帐,之后又发展成四脚帐。而西方的复式记帐最早出现在十二至十三世纪。
⑤ 会计电算化:到了十九世纪信息技术爆炸式的发展,企业经营权和所有权的分离,使得第三方协会认证的会计记帐得以盛行。计算机技术的快速普及,会计电算化成为常态。
⑥ 区块链分布式账本:到了二十一世纪,信息化、数据化,智能化的世界到来了,信息不对称以及信用问题又给第三方提供的会计帐本提出了新问题,如何才能信任会计事务所或者审计事务所提供的帐目准确无误,是否存在事务所与企业勾结做假帐的问题。

分布式账本与中心式记账网络(图片来自网络)
为解决类似的问题,区块链给帐本提供了一个新选择,采用分布式共享帐本,信息不对称以及信用问题都将迎刃而解。
2.价值转移
在互联网上,我们可以方便快捷地生成信息并传递信息。许多信息只需要简单的复制粘贴就可以进行传输,但是有些信息还是无法通过复制进行传输。
比如银行转帐,必须通过第三方的信用背书,才能实现转移。互联网善于处理信息分享,却不能解决价值转移这件事。

现如今通过中心化的机构进行背书转移价值的方式,安全性和可信任性是一件值得商榷的事情。在这种情况下,区块链技术可以在没有第三方信用背书的情况下,在一个开放的平台上进行远距离的安全支付。是不是可以认为这种技术是应运而生的呢。
区块链技术可以构建一种纯粹的点对点的价值转移体系,而且各节点并不需要互相信任,区块链可以保证系统内数据记录的完整性和安全性,脱离第三方的信用背书,有效降低交易的复杂性和风险。
3.信用成本
“e租宝跑路”、“泛亚悲剧”等事件无不在拷问现今社会如何才能达成“信用共识”,人之间的信用成本几何?一旦公信力机构出现问题,信任又将如何安放?
与其相信人,不如相信技术,区块链技术带来的是一种智能化信任。在区块链的世界,任何数字化的信息者可以加入区块,只要能够入链,信息的产权就可以明确,就可以设定保护条件,就能自动发起和强制实施合约,无须担心信任验证和信任执行。

区块链的公信力建立在网络中的各个分布节点上,每一个节点都有一份备份信息,而且是不可篡改的。
区块链的公信力模型,是建立在一定的共识机制下的平等参与,它不是政策制定者,只充当一个公证人的角色。而相对于现实社会的公信力,一般是由政府、国家机关或者政府授权的第三方组织提供,他们既是裁判员也是运动员,信用共识只是一个传说。
区块链是一台创造信任的机器,区块链最核心的要素是它解决了信用共识的问题。
4.技术创新
从比特币到区块链是一种技术的创新。区块链是比特币的底层技术,是一种分布数据的储存模式,也是一种加密货币的交易记录的公共帐本。
要说到区块链,就不得不提及比特币,毕竟区块链是为了满足比特币独特的需求而被创造出来的。而从比特币到区块链的应用开发,很有可能开启一个新的技术创新时代。
三、区块链如何改变未来?
区块链技术发展到今天,所有行业或多或少与区块链有点关系,但真正的落地应用,还有漫长的路要走,正所谓:“待十年后,陪你看繁花似锦。”
书中列举了十几个不同行业区块链技术应用的场景与案例,限于篇幅有限,仅以区块链+金融行业做代表。
金融行业是区块链最初掀起“群体高潮”的地方。区块链和大数据、人工智能一样,是开启互联网金融新时代大门的钥匙。
1.区块链+银行
在绝大多数国家现有银行系统中,都是通过中央电子账本进行账目核对,为了维护这个中心化系统中所有数据的准确性,银行需要付出巨大的运营成本。
而凭借去中心化的特点,区块链技术可以为银行创建一个分布式的公开可查的网络,其中所有交易数据是透明和共享的,利用区块链技术可以削减无效的银行中介,节省大量运营成本。
2.区块链+跨境支付
主流传统跨境汇款方式是电汇,周期长,会收取手续费。区块链技术可以让汇款方和收款方直接进行支付、结算、省掉了所有中间环节费用,全天候支付、实时到账、提现简便且没有隐性成本。
3.区块链+供应链
传统供应链金融是由银行将企业和上下游企业联系在一起提供灵活运用的金融产品和服务的一种融资模式。在供应链金融体系中,一个特定商品的供应链包括从原材料采购到制成中间产品及最终产品。
而区块链技术通过智能合约,款项可以在达到预定时间和结果时自动进行支付,可以大大减少人工介入,在提高效率同时,避免了人工操作的失误。
4.区块链+信息
银行一旦建立自己的区块链,由于其具有不能篡改的特性,客户信息与交易记录被确认后便不受任何人为干预,从而有效地防范欺诈、洗钱等违法行为的发生。
5.区块链+证券
在证券领域,IPO(首次公开募股)和证券交易,需要长时间的第三方参与,导致股票发行与交易不仅流程长,而且成本高。
利用区块链技术,投资者和机构可以在去中心化的交易平台上自主完成IPO,自由交易,不需要任何第三方撮合和干预,而且可以24小时不中断运作。
6.区块链+保险
传统保险业务中,保险机构是核心部分,全面负责资金归集、投资和理赔,运营和管理成本十分高昂。
利用区块链技术,互助保险的模式就可以变成现实。需要出险时,参与者直接将资金支付给患者,避免第三方介入。
总结:金融+区块链就是与钱有关,让人放心的自动化管理就一定离不开区块链这个概念。
一项新兴的技术得到社会广泛认可和应用需要漫长的时间。就像个体想要融入集体,需要证明自己的价值,这种价值不能独立于系统之外自证,而务必对集体共同利益及生态有正面的推动作用,区块链技术也必须如此。
 

️️️当前做互联网大军现状:

1. 干了一家又一家,家家栽树不开花;
2. 做了一年又一年,年年回家没有钱;
3. 上了一当又一当,当当都有新花样;
4. 吃了一亏又一亏,亏亏都有深体会。
5. 左一币,右一币,币币都倒闭
6. 左一链,右一链,链链都断链
7. 左一坑,右一坑,跳出泥坑进火坑,坑坑是陷阱。
8. 这也投,那也投,投来投去无路可投。
9.网站一关,平台一关,APP一关,连老板是谁你都不知道,一下进入了鬼门关。
10,这挖矿,那挖矿,挖来挖去其实在挖自己的家。
11,今拆分,明拆分,拆来拆去没钱分。
12,这个派,那个派,最终都成穷一派。
13.左一证,右一券,个个把人坑里害。

总结一下:
1.做任何事情先想到的是帮助别人,利他精神与人性化商业模式才能稳扎稳打!
2.告别投机取巧、急功近利,选择一条可行的路,坚持下来,就是赢家!
3.天上掉下大馅饼,地下一定有陷阱!求真务实,空谈误国,空想误家,实干兴邦!
4.跟上趋势,听党的话,不要拿自己的未来去和法律一争高下!!!

最后:

商业的本质是交易加信贷,信贷的本质是周期支付,支付的本质是货币流通……一切经济活动都是货币流通的结果!通证经济是未来经济,区块链数字货币是未来货币流通方式……
还是用点时间了解一下数字货币,为国家,为社会,为个人所带来的好处吧!

人生三件事:选平台、跟对人、做对事

{关于木炎}

落户海南,
国家监管。
顺应趋势,
领导重视。
政策指引,
明星寿星。
明智选择,
民族脊梁,
为国争光!
光宗耀祖,
只因木炎!

如果觉得我的文章对您有用,请随意赞赏。您的支持将鼓励我继续创作!

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