中国银行体系

作者: 人可工作室 分类: 新支付,更新… 发布时间: 2022-08-01 15:21

一文读懂中国的银行

过节闲来无事,和几个朋友聊了一下银行业务,发现大家对银行的认识都比较零碎,今天大年初四,假期抽空整理了一下国内银行体系的相关知识,分享给大家;

序言

我们接触到的银行,最直观的,是街边一个个银行门店,其实这是银行业的一个重要机构类型——商业银行,但中国银行体系其实远远不止这些;先上一张图,给大家一个概要的介绍

一文读懂中国的银行体系(建议收藏)

很多行业都有自己的国际行业准则,比如医生的《日内瓦公约》。银行的行业准则,是《巴塞尔协议》,国内的银行体系建设管理,同时依据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》;所以,追根溯源,如果要深刻理解银行结构体制和管理;可以研究一下这两份材料,这里就不展开研读。

在概要的图表介绍之后,我们逐个来介绍一下各类机构和组织

中央银行

大家经常听到的“央妈”,就是说的中央银行。世界各国大都有自己的中央银行,如美国的美联储、德国的德意志联邦、日本的日本银行、英国的英格兰银行、瑞士的瑞士国家银行等等,包括我们的特区香港也有自己的香港金融管理局。我们国内就是中国人民银行

一文读懂中国的银行体系(建议收藏)

各国的央行根据不同的政策,会有不同的职责,但总归来说,就是管钱的,中国人民银行,职责众多,这里主要说一些和大家息息相关的。

01 制定和执行货币政策,调节货币供给

一文读懂中国的银行体系(建议收藏)

这个就是大家称之为“央妈”的原因,简单地说,就是决定给不给市场钱,给多少钱(给钱的就是妈)。这个可是和大家的生活是戚戚相关。

影响宏观经济最重要有两个政策,一个是货币政策,一个是财政政策,财政政策主要是一些税收,补助政策,政府支出国税等政策;税收少了,补助多了,大家手上钱自然就多了,所以我们叫财政部“财爹”。

货币政策是指“央妈”调整市场货币供给的方式。大家知道,“央妈”一放水,股市就好起来;但是,这个只是一个表象,货币政策的宽松,会使得企业借钱成本下降(更关键是能借到钱),这样企业就可以做更多的扩大生产,企业扩大生产,大家有活干,赚钱也就更容易,这样大家的钱包也鼓起来。当然,钱不能无限制供应,无限制供应,东西也就涨价,大家的消费也就上来了,花的也多,这就是通货膨胀了。所以央妈在这里责任重大,不能不给钱,又不能给多。

央妈的货币政策有四大法宝,法定准备金率,公开市场业务和贴现政策、基准利率;这里的政策对投资影响很大,后面我单独出文章和大家介绍;

02 支付结算

我们今天可以可以通过手机,实时转账,甚至可以大额转账。可以不用带现金,刷脸支付、扫码支付。不仅是由支付宝、微信这类公司的努力,这其中更大功劳来自人民银行

一文读懂中国的银行体系(建议收藏)

在支付领域,最复杂的是账户管理、支付清结算;这里面如何保障交易安全便捷,如何实现无差错;一来需要中国人民银行制定相关的支付管理制度(比如支付牌照制度和资金备付金账户管理制度),另一方面,也来自于几十年国家对于相关系统的努力建设(比如央行的大小额支付系统)

整个支付制度的定义、支付清结算和账户规则定义、基础系统的搭建,是国家级的基础建设,比起造原子弹、造火箭来,一样有意义。关于支付系统的历来更迭,可以写出一本书,以后有机会给大家来个概要介绍。

03 征信管理

现代社会,我们和金融打交道的地方越来越多,买房买车,甚至于各类生活,都需要出具相关征信报告,人民银行对全国人民的征信进行管理,很大程度控制信贷风险。

04 外汇管理

中国人民银行主要管理国家外汇管理局,制定相关外汇政策,保证企业的国际贸易正常运转;保证大家的出国消费的可行和安全;

05 其他

在更重要的层面,央行其实也作为一个金融体系规则制定者和监管者;进行相关的反洗钱管理等;

银行金融机构

银行金融机构,分成几类,一类是政策性银行,一类是商业银行;还有就是一些类似消费金融公司等机构,相关的分类可参考一下表格。

一文读懂中国的银行体系(建议收藏)

话不多说,我们逐个来介绍一下这些机构

01 政策性银行

一文读懂中国的银行体系(建议收藏)

政策性银行和商业性银行相对而言,根据字面意思,就比较好理解,商业性银行有赚钱的目的;政策性银行呢,就不是为了赚钱的,说白了,就是“为国为民”而立;

我国的政策性银行,有三个,国家开发银行、中国农业发展银行、中国进出口银行;均属国务院领导;三家银行的职责方向有所区别:

01)国开行

主要经营国家中大型项目贷款,从事开发性业务(如新型城镇化、保障性安居工程、“两基一支”等),2018年,国开行也设立了1000亿元的民营企业的专项贷款。

国开行是政策性银行中比较特殊的银行,在中国人民银行的分类中,已经从变更为开发性金融机构。2017年,国开行组织形式变更为有限责任公司,由财政部和中央汇金控股,兼顾利润回报。

02)农业发展银行

主要提供农业政策性贷款。一些和农业相关的贷款,比如油粮化肥储备贷款,农业设备、粮棉油的种子等生产物料贷款,农林牧渔企业贷款,农业基础设施贷款(如农村的路水电、网络、能源和环境贷款)等等;

03)进出口银行

进出口按照字面也比较好理解,支持进出口贸易融资,我国的“一带一路”项目,就由进出口银行为49个的1000多个项目提供超过5200亿的贷款;

02 商业银行

商业银行是我们平时接触最多的银行,我们存贷款、取钱、买纪念币、汇款等等,都是和商业银行打交道。

一文读懂中国的银行体系(建议收藏)

商业银行字面意思也很好理解,就是主要为了赚钱,但是赚钱不是唯一目的,商业银行大多由中央或者地方控股,很多承担着落实国家和地方政策和金融支持任务,比如公益、中小企业融资支持、三农支持等;所以,“银行是国家的银行”,在大部分的情况下还是正确的。

商业银行的成立,门槛要求比较高,需要满足公司成立的各类条件,还要符合银行特别的要求,对于注册资本要求各类银行各有不同。(注册资本应当是实缴资本)

设立全国性商业银行的注册资本最低限额为十亿元人民币。

设立城市商业银行的注册资本最低限额为一亿元人民币,

设立农村商业银行的注册资本最低限额为五千万元人民币。

商业银行会有很多类型,我们下面逐个介绍;先看一下各大类金融机构的资产情况,初步对规模有个了解。

一文读懂中国的银行体系(建议收藏)

01)国有银行

国有银行,字面意思很好理解,就是国家拥有的银行。国有银行主要由国家财政部和中央汇金控股(汇金是由国家直接出资的国有独资公司,这个公司很有意思,后面有机会和大家介绍);

国有行我们印象中,是中农工建交五家,其实邮储也属于国有银行,邮储由邮政集团控股,而邮政集团则由国务院控股;

02)股份制银行

股份制银行,从87年以来,经历了成立、合并(深发展和平安合并),如今总共有12家股份制银行。

股份制银行和国有银行的业务并无特别大差异,只是在规模和控股上有所差异,股份制银行控股更加复杂,很多甚至有外资入股,但股份制银行大多依然由国企或者央企控股。

03)城市商业银行

城市商业银行是在中国特殊历史条件下形成的,是中央金融主管部门整肃城市信用合作社、化解地方金融风险的产物。目前全国共计135家城商行。

可以说,城商行的前身就是城市信用合作社(当然,仅有深圳的深发展和平安后发展合并为全国股份制银行);从1995年起,城市信用社逐步改制为城商行,到2012年3月29日,全国最后一家城市信用社宁波象山县绿叶城市信用社完成改制,城信社正式退出了历史舞台。

因为地区差异,城商行格局分化相对比较严重,不仅在规模上、业务范围上有所差异,收入相差更是天壤之别,按照2020年中报数据,最好的北京银行收入331.85亿,上海银行254.12亿;而收入最差的宁波东海银行和大同银行,收入分别为1.876亿和3.427亿。而且这与国有银行和股份制银行的收入更是天壤之别。

04)农商行和农合行

城市信用合作社随着历史变迁转化为了城商行,而农村信用合作社则随着历史变迁转变为了农村商业银行和农村合作银行;目前全国共计1500家农商行和27家农村合作银行。

这类企业的比较特殊,一般以县级或者市级行政单位中独立成立相关股份公司,作为一个独立的经营主体(除去直辖市),展业范围也限于自身的行政区域内;但同时,在各省范围(除去西藏、台湾和直辖市)内,农商行隶属省农村信用社联合社系统,受省联社统一管理、指导和协调;

农商行和农合行,基本在业务上没有太大差异,但在监管要求上,将不再组建新的农村合作银行,农村合作银行要全部改制为农村商业银行。

农商行一样受地域差异,收入相差很大,按照2020年中报,最好的重庆农商行、广州农商行、上海农商行分别实现收入139.26亿元、117.94亿元、112.56亿元;最差的吉林蛟河农商行竟实现-1538.02万元的亏损,

05)村镇银行

2006年,银监会出台了《关于调整放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入政策,更好支持社会主义新农村建设的若干意见》。由2007年至今,总共成立村镇银行1633家

村镇银行的一个重要特点就是机构设置在县、乡镇;所以村镇银行的展业范围也基本限于这些行政区域业务范围相对单一,更多是一些存贷款业务

村镇银行主要的目标是满足农户的小额贷款需求和服务当地中小型企业;

村镇银行因为展业限制,收入比较有限,按照2020年中报数据,目前收入最好的湘西长行村镇银行仅实现收入1.833亿元

06)民营银行

设立民营银行有利于打破大型银行对市场的垄断,提高资金的使用效率,倒逼国有银行和商业银行进行产品改革,更好满足中小企业和农村地区的发展需求;

2014年7月25日,银监会已正式批准三家民营银行的筹建申请,包含深圳前海微众银行,温州民商和天津金城,三家银行分别由腾讯、正泰、华北为主作为发起人;加上之后的上海华瑞银行、浙江网商银行;我国首批一共审批并试点营业5家民营银行。截至目前,国内总共成立民营银行已达19家;

按照2019年年报披露数据,前三的银行深圳前海微众、浙江网商、四川新网的收入分别达到148.7亿元,66.28亿元和26.8亿元;

07)外资银行

外资银行在国内历程已久,1847年开始,英商丽都银行便进入中国。外资银行可谓是中国金融业的启蒙者;

在经历了时代的变迁,新中国成立初期,外资银行被逐渐关停;后经历改革开放,外资银行逐步进入国内,但依然以办事处、联络处形式存在,很少有国内实质的人民币经营业务;

外资银行真正走进国内现代金融市场,在中国加入WTO以后。根据WTO协议,在经过5年的过渡期之后,2006年,我国将取消所有对外资银行的所有权、经营权的设立形式,包括所有制的限制,允许外资银行向中国客户提供人民币业务服务,给予外资行国民待遇。自此外资银行逐步发力。建立实质的国内经营业务。

2018年12月,中国银保监会已启动《中华人民共和国外资银行管理条例实施细则》修订工作,并向社会公开征求意见。同时,银行业各项开放措施持续落地,多项市场准入申请已获受理和批准。外资银行的业务限制被逐渐解除,业务范围逐步扩大,国内在全球金融开放的前提下,外资银行将迎来更快的生长。

截至目前,国内总共包含了41家外资法人银行,其中包含了汇丰银行、花旗银行、渣打银行、东亚银行等一大批国际知名银行;

08)农村信用社

农村信用社包含多个类型;

一、省农村信用社联合社

全国一共包含25家省联合社,省联合社一般受省政府领导,对全省农村合作金融机构(含农村商业银行、农村合作银行、农村信用联社)进行管理、指导、协调和服务。

二、市农村信用合作联合社

部分省份,在省联社下,设置市联社,市联社一样市对本市相关金融机构(农商行、农合行、农信社)进行管理工作,市联社一般从属于省联社管理,全国共有15家市联社;如山东潍坊、山西运城等都设置了市级联社;

三、县农村信用合作联社

农信社是根据2004年国务院农村金融改革精神,经中国银行业监督管理委员会批准,各信用社于2005年7月18日完成改制而来,是由辖内农民、农村工商户、企业法人和其他经济组织以及本联社职工自愿入股组成的股份制社区性地方金融机构。

农村信用合作联社前身也是各农村信用社。受省联社统一管理。农村信用合作联社和农商行,农合行同根同源,也受统一系统(省联社)管理,所以在组织形式上差异不大,唯有在股权结构上、业务经营监管力度等略有差异;

四、农村信用联社股份有限公司

总共44家,是同于农商行、县农村信用合作联社的类似组织形式,只不过企业性质和企业股权结构有所差异。

09)农村资金互助社

2007年,为做好调整放宽农村地区银行业金融机构准入政策的试点工作,由银监会发布《农村资金互助社管理暂行规定》。

农村资金互助社实行社员民主管理,以服务社员为宗旨,谋求社员共同利益;目前全国共成立42家农村资金互助社。

03 其他各类金融机构

一文读懂中国的银行体系(建议收藏)

银保监会

一文读懂中国的银行体系(建议收藏)

在原来国内金融分业经营,分业监管的前提下,银行、证券、保险进行分业监管,分别由银监会、证监会、保监会监管;

而随着国内金融的发展,银行、证券与保险之间业务的混合,银行、证券与保险业之间资金和业务往来的日益密切,集团公司控股下的混业经营以及一些新金融形式的产生,导致分业监管效率较低,监管难度大、甚至监管缺位;2018年4月8日,中国银行保险监督管理委员会正式挂牌,同时原有的银监会和保监会退出历史舞台。

中国银保监会,主要职责是依照法律法规统一监督管理银行业和保险业,维护银行业和保险业合法、稳健运行,防范和化解金融风险,保护金融消费者合法权益,维护金融稳定。具体的可以简单概况如下:

1、准入管理,就是定义规则和规则,决定什么样的企业可注册为相关银行业机构;根据不同的机构情况,定义各银行业机构可以从事的业务范围;

2、经营监管,对银行业机构的制定相关规定,定义业务经营时,什么样的事情可以干,什么样的事情不能干,并定期进行检查,以防止金融风险,同时保护投资者权益;

3、数据服务,根据统一编制全国银行业和保险业监管数据报表,按照国家有关规定予以发布,供各机构等进行参考和研究。

中国银行业协会

与各行各业一样,银行也有自己的协会,协会是个自律组织,由是经中国人民银行和民政部批准成立,并在民政部登记注册的全国性非营利社会团体。

协会兼容并包,仅需监管和主管单位批准,具有独立法人资格的银行业金融机构、与银行业机构有合作的机构、以及银行业专业服务机构皆可加入成为会员。

2003年,中国银监会成立后,中国银行业协会主管单位由中国人民银行变更为中国银监会。2018年3月,中国银行保险监督管理委员会成立后,主管单位由中国银监会变更为中国银行保险监督管理委员会。

与大部分协会一样,协会主要对于会员进行服务,比如组织大家讨论,交流问题,或者相互学习,或者总结问题向监管对话提建议,探索新业务、新方向,解决问题。同时对行业进行宣传,目的在于把行业做大做强。

 

 

 

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